Bio Exam 1 -- BYOJeopardy

Metabolism	Macromolecules	Replication, Translation, & Translation	DNA Discovery	Chemistry	Other relevant things
100 What are the metabolic steps and where do they occur in the cell? Glycolysis-cytosol Pyruvate Oxidation Citric Acid Cycle-Mitochondrial Matrix Electron Transport Chain-Matrix-->Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Chemiosmosis- Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Metabolism 100	100 What are the four macromolecules, specific bonds that occur within them and their monomers? Polypeptides-peptide bond, amino acids Polysaccharides-glycosidic linkage, Monosacchardies Nucleic acids-phosphodiester bond, nucleotides Lipids-ester linkage, nonpolar hydrocarbons Macromolecules 100	100 What are the respective purposes of replication, transcription, and translation? Replication-Make copies of DNA Transcription-DNA-->mRNA Translation: mRNA-->Protein Replication, Translation, & Translation 100	100 Describe the structure of DNA Complimentary base pairing, semi-conservative model, double helix, anti-parallel, right handed DNA Discovery 100	100 Differ between atomic mass and atomic number Atomic #= # of protons Atomic mass=sum of protons and neutrons Chemistry 100	100 What is the role of tRNA in translation? Carries an amino acid on one end and an anticodon that corresponds with codon in mRNA on other end; each tRNA becomes charged and attaches to an animo acid and \"shuttles\" it to ribosome Other relevant things 100
200 What is the role of Acetyl CoA? What happens without it? Donates an acetyl group to 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate creating citrate. This initiates the Krebs Cycle. Without it, there is no Krebs Cycle nor subsequent rxns. Metabolism 200	200 What are the four structures of proteins? Primary: Sequence of amino acids Secondary: Regular, repeated spatial patterns (alpha helix, beta pleated sheet) Tertiary: Definitive 3D shape; interactions between R groups Quarternary: Ways in which subunits bind together and interact Macromolecules 200	200 Describe steps of DNA replication 1. Begins w/ primer 2. Polymerase adds nucleotides to 3\' end of primer 3. Helicase uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to unwind and separate strands and special proteins 4. Replication Fork Business-leading/lagging strands, okazaki fragments, DNA ligase Replication, Translation, & Translation 200	200 What was the key component of Avery's experiment in determining GNA as the genetic material in a cell? Who did he get that from? Transformation; Griffith experiment DNA Discovery 200	200 Order the following bonds from strongest to weakest: Hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals, Ionic Bonding, Covalent Bonding Covalent Bonding, Ionic Bonding, Hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals Interactions Chemistry 200	200 What are promoters? Special sequences of DNA where transcription begins Other relevant things 200
300 What are the purposes of NADH and FADH? Release electrons to the electron transport chain which then serves as energy to pump Hydrogen, creating proton gradient Metabolism 300	300 Order cellulose, glycogen, and starch in terms of solubility. Explain. Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose Cellulose is always linear due to H-bond and beta glycosidic linkage; Starch and glycogen are very branched. Glycogen has more branching so more soluble Macromolecules 300	300 Give 5 categories of mutations and describe each. Differentiate between nonsense and missense. Point, Frameshift, Chromosomal, Spontaneous, Induced Missense: change does not necessarily prohibit protein function Nonsense: mutation causes stop codon and protein si truncated Replication, Translation, & Translation 300	300 What were the two macromolecules used in Hershey and Chase experiment? What were they labeled with? How did that help them? Protein labeled with S, DNA with P. Centrifuged and in pellet section where heavier content is, DNA stayed w/ bacteria so it must be genetic material of life DNA Discovery 300	300 Is the phospholipid membrane polar or non-polar? Tails are non-polar b/c they are hydrophobic whereas heads are polar because hydrophilic Chemistry 300	300 What are introns? How are they removed? Introns are noncoding regions in mRNA; They are removed by spliceosomes; a PolyA tail is added to 3\' end and a 5\' cap is added to 5\' end, producing a final mRNA shorter than transcribed mRNA Other relevant things 300
400 Describe the function of the proton gradient Produces higher concentration of protons in intermembrane than matrix, creating a source of potential energy that drives protons back across membrane, coupling the formation of ATP Metabolism 400	400 Describe the structure of nucleotides. How do RNA and DNA differ? Nucleotides are 5 carbon sugars (pentose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base. In DNA, the pentose sugar is deoxyribose, where RNA has ribose. Macromolecules 400	400 What special adaptations do pre-mRNA have after transcription? G cap added to 5\' end to facilitate binding of mRNA to ribosome for translation and prevents it from being digested Poly A tail added to 3\' end for pre-mRNA to assist in export of mRNA from nucleus and aids in stability Replication, Translation, & Translation 400	400 What convinced Watson & Crick that DNA was helical? Crystallography of Franklin: density measurements suggested 2 polynucleotide chains and modeling studies revealed antiparallelism; deduced that bases were interior and sugar-phosphate back-bone DNA Discovery 400	400 What are isotopes? Why are they important? Isotopes are atoms with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons/all have same reactivity; They are important b/c radioisotopes allow for labeling and tagging, tracing molecules in experiment Chemistry 400	400 How would you identify a protein? (Specific functional groups) What type of bonding is found in secondary, and tertiary structure, respectively? Amine group, carboxyl group, Side chain Secondary=hydrogen bonding, tertiary=all other types of bonding Other relevant things 400
500 What is the difference between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation? Where does each occur? Substrate level phosphorylation occurs during glycolysis and is the transfer of phosphate groups from donor molecules to ADP to form ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs during chemiosmosis and is the reoxidation of electron carriers in presence of oxygen Metabolism 500	500 What makes fatty acids saturated or unsaturated? Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon (saturated with H atoms); They are relatively rigid/straight and pack together tightly Unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one double bond, causing kinkiness in the molecule (low melting point, liquid @ room temp.) Macromolecules 500	500 Describe termination of translation A stop codon enters the A site and binds to a protein release factor, allowing hydrolysis between protein and tRNA. Polypeptide separates from ribosome with a specific confirmation and cellular destination Replication, Translation, & Translation 500	500 What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines? Who used this? Purines are larger Chargraff used this to determine that purines are always paired with pyrimidines so that base pair have same width down double helix DNA Discovery 500	500 Describe the bonds in DNA in terms of strength DNA is held together by H-bonds, weak interactions. But the phosphate backbone is held strongly together by covalent bonding Chemistry 500	500 What is a silent mutation? Has no phenotypic effects; doesn\'t affect function, can be found in coding or non-coding regions Other relevant things 500
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Metabolism	100
What are the metabolic steps and where do they occur in the cell?
Answer